Retrograde pyelography is a procedure commonly used by urologists involving X-ray imaging to visualize the kidneys, bladder and ureters. It involves the insertion of a cystoscope into the urinary ...

Background A 51-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and a 5-year history of recurrent perimenopausal Escherichia coli urinary tract infections presented with fatigue. She had a history of ...

IN the evaluation of patients with impairment of renal function it is often important to delineate the anatomic status of the urinary tract. For this purpose retrograde pyelography is customarily ...

IN 1955 Benirschke and Brown 1 reported extensively on the occurrence of congenital anomalies in association with the absence of one of the two umbilical arteries. This study, together with previous ...