In 1897 Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov proved that animals can be trained using associative learning—now, the same might be ...

Animals, from worms and sponges to jellyfish and whales, contain anywhere from a few thousand to tens of trillions of nearly genetically identical cells. Depending on the organism, these cells arrange ...

A recent study has found that a specific single-celled organism has the capacity for Pavlovian associative learning without a brain or even a neuron.

A dog learns to sit on command, a person hears and eventually tunes out the hum of a washing machine while reading … The capacity to learn and adapt is central to evolution and, indeed, survival.

A growing body of peer-reviewed research is building the case that single-celled organisms, creatures with no brain, no ...