Abstract: Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is widely used in security applications such as public key cryptography (PKC) and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP). ECC is composed of modular arithmetic, where ...

Abstract: This research investigates the characteristics of Modular Multiplicative Divisor MMD labeling in a Jewel Graph under vertex switching when the jewel count is odd. We formally establish that ...

Those that solve artificially simplified problems where quantum advantage is meaningless. Those that provide no genuine ...

Oracle-based quantum algorithms cannot use deep loops because quantum states exist only as mathematical amplitudes in Hilbert ...

Every time you send a text, pay for groceries with your phone, or use your health site, you are relying on encryption.