This simulation illustrates the effects of different sampling rates on a 100 Hz sine wave signal as it passes through an ADC–DAC system. The top (blue) waveform represents the original smooth sine wave. Below it, the green trace shows the reconstructed output when sampled at 1000 Hz — the waveform is closely matched to the original, with minimal distortion. The orange trace, sampled at 666 Hz, still follows the sine wave shape but with visible “stair-stepping” due to fewer samples per cycle. The

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